Insect interactions with wind turbines: The state of knowledge and future directions

In 2023 the wind industry hit a milestone of one terawatt of installed capacity globally. That amount is expected to double within the next decade as billions of dollars are invested in new wind projects annually. Wildlife mortality is a primary concern regarding the proliferation of wind power, and many studies have investigated bird and bat interactions. Little is known about the interactions between wind turbines and insects, despite these animals composing far more biomass than vertebrates. Turbine placement, coloration, shape, heat output, and lighting may attract insects to turbines. Insects that fly at elevations within the diameter of turbine rotors are more likely to strike turbines, which can decrease the turbine’s energy output. Insects also attract insectivorous animals, which may be killed at turbines. Compiling current knowledge about these interactions and identifying gaps in knowledge is critical as wind power grows rapidly. We reviewed the literature investigating insects and wind energy facilities, evaluated hypotheses regarding insect attraction to turbines, and identified knowledge gaps. We found evidence of insect attraction due to turbine location, paint color, shape, and temperature output. We also identified taxa that may be the most vulnerable to collisions. We introduced a risk assessment tool for comparing areas with higher potential for wind development in the United States with suitable climate for insects of concern. We discuss current and future projects investigating insect abundance, richness, behavior, and potential mitigation techniques for reducing insect presence at turbines.