New tools for apiculture and education on bee parasites and pathogens

Utilizing X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT), we examined the three-dimensional morphology of honeybee mandibles that are different in two Apis species. Our findings revealed distinctive three-dimensional shapes of mandibles, indicating substantial variations among these populations. These variations suggest that mandible morphology has an integral role in the bee's defensive mechanisms against parasitic mites. Furthermore, we developed the first smartphone application to quantify the mite damage by applying artificial intelligence to image analysis. In addition, we use 3-D printing technology to produce educational demonstrations to educate bee farmers and beekeepers on honeybee pathogens and parasites. This research contributes valuable insights into the prospective selection and breeding of honey bees with enhanced mite resistance, thus promoting the sustainability of apiculture.