Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used as potent biopesticides to control a wide array of economically important insect pests. In many instances, the EPNs are used as stand-alone curative measures. However, integration of EPNs into broader IPM programs including multiple tactics or multiple targets/uses is likely to expand adoption. Some of the approaches that can enhance integration include seeking synergy in dual applications with compatible tactics (such as with certain chemical insecticides or other microbial agents), and leveraging interactions with parasitoids, predators, or phoretic agents. IPM may also be enhanced based on beneficial environmental manipulations that enhance EPN persistence. Moreover, wider adoption in IPM programs can be expected when EPNs or their symbionts are applied for multiple targets such as various insect pests as well as plant disease suppression. Additional research is needed to explore and expand other mechanisms to incorporate EPNs into IPM programs and to investigate the ecosystem level benefits that may be obtained.
.png)
