Selectivity studies and their choices: Effects of bioinsecticides and insecticides on natural enemies

Studies on the selectivity of insecticides towards natural enemies are fundamental to the development of pest control strategies that minimize adverse impacts on non-target organisms. The complexity of these studies lies in the varied responses that each compound can exhibit, influenced by factors such as the chemical structure, the target organism, and the method of exposure. This research evaluated the selectivity of bioinsecticides and insecticides used to control the pest Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on the predator Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and the parasitoid Trichogramma atopovirilia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). The treatments included two botanical insecticides (Annona mucosa and Annona squamosa) and one synthetic insecticide (chlorantraniliprole). Bioassays assessed the effects on mortality, predation, parasitism, and walking and flying behaviors. The botanical insecticides did not affect the mortality of D. luteipes, but Annona squamosa impaired its walking ability, reducing both the distance and speed traveled, similarly to the synthetic insecticide chlorantraniliprole. For the parasitoid T. atopovirilia, the botanical insecticides A. mucosa and A. squamosa affected mortality, parasitism, and emergence. However, no effect on flight capacity was observed. These results challenge the notion that botanical insecticides are always more selective. Our study indicates that selectivity depends on several factors, such as the target organism and the chemical composition of the product. These findings are crucial for more efficient integration of chemical and biological control in the management of S. frugiperda.